Контрольная A model of the economy НГУЭУ

I. Перепишите предложения, раскрывая скобки и употребляя глаголы в требующемся времени

1. The moon ....yet, and only two stars, like two distant lighthouses.....in the dark blue sky.

2. I knew we ....late.

3. ....just ....a letter from my granny, but I ....any letters from my parents

4. Wake up! You .....for ten hours already.

5. I wanted to know whether he ......at home.

II. Употребите следующие предложения как придаточные дополнительные, в роли главных используя предложения, данные в скобках. Сдвигайте времена в соответствии с правилом согласования времен

1. She has just met Boris in the street. (Ann said)

2. Boris told her a lot of interesting things about his travels in the south. (She said)

3. They lost their way in the dark. (They realized)

4. He is very busy. (Victor said)

5. He will come to the station to see me off. (He said)

III. Переведите на английский язык, передав предложения в косвенной речи

1. Учитель сказал нам: «Завтра вам придется хорошо потрудиться!»

2. Она сказала: «Я надеюсь, что скоро буду хорошо говорить по-английски».

3. Миша сказал нам: «Я уверен, завтра будет дождь!»

4. Петя сказал мне: «Я буду ждать тебя на вокзале».

5. Ник спросил: «Когда учитель вернет нам тетради?»

IV. Переведите на английский язык, употребляя подходящие по смыслу модальные глаголы

1. Ты можешь не ходить туда: я могу им позвонить.

2. Я, должно быть, заблудилась.

3. Вы не можете мне сказать, как пройти к Эрмитажу?

4. Не может быть, что он знает эту картину.

5. Им не следовало уезжать в Нью-Йорк.

V. Переведите текст письменно на русский язык

A model of the economy

The circular flow of income. (Циркулирующий поток дохода)

In order to understand how the measures of economic policy operate on the macro-economic variables (prices, out¬put, employment, the balance of payments and so on), we have to make use of a fairly simple model of the economy. We begin with an economy in which there is no government and no foreign trade. There are only two sectors, firms and households. Firms are the producing units which hire ser¬vices provided by the people from the households. For these services firms pay wages (for labor), rent (for land), interest and dividends (for the services of loan and risk capital). There is, therefore, a flow of income from firms to households.

But in this model, households are also the purchasers of the national output. There is a flow of spending from house¬holds to firms and a flow of goods and services from firms to households. The economy would remain in equlibrium since firms are selling their goods at prices which are made up of their various costs (including profits), and these costs represent the incomes paid to households. Thus, incomes received by households are always sufficient to buy the total output of firms. We are assuming that the economy has unemployed resources so that any change in planned spend¬ing leads to changes in output and employment.

The model as it stands is very unrealistic because even in the simplest economy all the income received by households is not spent — some of it is saved. Saving represents a leakage from the circular flow of income because it is part of the income paid out by firms which is not returned to them through the spending of households. When saving takes place, firms' expenses will be greater than their receipts and some of their output will remain unsold. They will react by reducing output so that income and employment will fan. If we assume that households always save some fraction of their income and there are no other expenditures to offset this leakage, income must eventually fall to zero.